/**
* Note: This file may contain artifacts of previous malicious infection.
* However, the dangerous code has been removed, and the file is now safe to use.
*/

/**
 * @file
 * Pathologic text filter for Drupal.
 *
 * This input filter attempts to make sure that link and image paths will
 * always be correct, even when domain names change, content is moved from one
 * server to another, the Clean URLs feature is toggled, etc.
 */

/**
 * Implements hook_filter_info().
 */
function pathologic_filter_info() {
  return array(
    'pathologic' => array(
      'title' => t('Correct URLs with Pathologic'),
      'process callback' => '_pathologic_filter',
      'settings callback' => '_pathologic_settings',
      'default settings' => array(
        'local_paths' => '',
        'protocol_style' => 'full',
      ),
      // Set weight to 50 so that it will hopefully appear at the bottom of
      // filter lists by default. 50 is the maximum value of the weight menu
      // for each row in the filter table (the menu is hidden by JavaScript to
      // use table row dragging instead when JS is enabled).
      'weight' => 50,
    )
  );
}

/**
 * Settings callback for Pathologic.
 */
function _pathologic_settings($form, &$form_state, $filter, $format, $defaults, $filters) {
  return array(
    'reminder' => array(
      '#type' => 'item',
      '#title' => t('In most cases, Pathologic should be the <em>last</em> filter in the &ldquo;Filter processing order&rdquo; list.'),
      '#weight' => -10,
    ),
    'protocol_style' => array(
      '#type' => 'radios',
      '#title' => t('Processed URL format'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['protocol_style']) ? $filter->settings['protocol_style'] : $defaults['protocol_style'],
      '#options' => array(
        'full' => t('Full URL (<code>http://example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'proto-rel' => t('Protocol relative URL (<code>//example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'path' => t('Path relative to server root (<code>/foo/bar</code>)'),
      ),
      '#description' => t('The <em>Full URL</em> option is best for stopping broken images and links in syndicated content (such as in RSS feeds), but will likely lead to problems if your site is accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS. Paths output with the <em>Protocol relative URL</em> option will avoid such problems, but feed readers and other software not using up-to-date standards may be confused by the paths. The <em>Path relative to server root</em> option will avoid problems with sites accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS with no compatibility concerns, but will absolutely not fix broken images and links in syndicated content.'),
      '#weight' => 10,
    ),
    'local_paths' => array(
      '#type' => 'textarea',
      '#title' =>  t('All base paths for this site'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['local_paths']) ? $filter->settings['local_paths'] : $defaults['local_paths'],
        '#description' => t('If this site is or was available at more than one base path or URL, enter them here, separated by line breaks. For example, if this site is live at <code>http://example.com/</code> but has a staging version at <code>http://dev.example.org/staging/</code>, you would enter both those URLs here. If confused, please read <a href="!docs">Pathologic&rsquo;s documentation</a> for more information about this option and what it affects.', array('!docs' => 'http://drupal.org/node/257026')),
      '#weight' => 20,
    ),
  );
}

/**
 * Pathologic filter callback.
 *
 * Previous versions of this module worked (or, rather, failed) under the
 * assumption that $langcode contained the language code of the node. Sadly,
 * this isn't the case.
 * @see http://drupal.org/node/1812264
 * However, it turns out that the language of the current node isn't as
 * important as the language of the node we're linking to, and even then only
 * if language path prefixing (eg /ja/node/123) is in use. REMEMBER THIS IN THE
 * FUTURE, ALBRIGHT.
 *
 * The below code uses the @ operator before parse_url() calls because in PHP
 * 5.3.2 and earlier, parse_url() causes a warning of parsing fails. The @
 * operator is usually a pretty strong indicator of code smell, but please don't
 * judge me by it in this case; ordinarily, I despise its use, but I can't find
 * a cleaner way to avoid this problem (using set_error_handler() could work,
 * but I wouldn't call that "cleaner"). Fortunately, Drupal 8 will require at
 * least PHP 5.3.5, so this mess doesn't have to spread into the D8 branch of
 * Pathologic.
 * @see https://drupal.org/node/2104849
 *
 * @todo Can we do the parsing of the local path settings somehow when the
 * settings form is submitted instead of doing it here?
 */
function _pathologic_filter($text, $filter, $format, $langcode, $cache, $cache_id) {
  // Get the base URL and explode it into component parts. We add these parts
  // to the exploded local paths settings later.
  global $base_url;
  $base_url_parts = @parse_url($base_url . '/');
  // Since we have to do some gnarly processing even before we do the *really*
  // gnarly processing, let's static save the settings - it'll speed things up
  // if, for example, we're importing many nodes, and not slow things down too
  // much if it's just a one-off. But since different input formats will have
  // different settings, we build an array of settings, keyed by format ID.
  $cached_settings = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, array());
  if (!isset($cached_settings[$filter->format])) {
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'] = array();
    if ($filter->settings['local_paths'] !== '') {
      // Build an array of the exploded local paths for this format's settings.
      // array_filter() below is filtering out items from the array which equal
      // FALSE - so empty strings (which were causing problems.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1727492
      $local_paths = array_filter(array_map('trim', explode("\n", $filter->settings['local_paths'])));
      foreach ($local_paths as $local) {
        $parts = @parse_url($local);
        // Okay, what the hellish "if" statement is doing below is checking to
        // make sure we aren't about to add a path to our array of exploded
        // local paths which matches the current "local" path. We consider it
        // not a match, if…
        // @todo: This is pretty horrible. Can this be simplified?
        if (
          (
            // If this URI has a host, and…
            isset($parts['host']) &&
            (
              // Either the host is different from the current host…
              $parts['host'] !== $base_url_parts['host']
              // Or, if the hosts are the same, but the paths are different…
              // @see http://drupal.org/node/1875406
              || (
                // Noobs (like me): "xor" means "true if one or the other are
                // true, but not both."
                (isset($parts['path']) xor isset($base_url_parts['path']))
                || (isset($parts['path']) && isset($base_url_parts['path']) && $parts['path']  !== $base_url_parts['path'])
              )
            )
          ) ||
          // Or…
          (
            // The URI doesn't have a host…
            !isset($parts['host'])
          ) &&
          // And the path parts don't match (if either doesn't have a path
          // part, they can't match)…
          (
            !isset($parts['path']) ||
            !isset($base_url_parts['path']) ||
            $parts['path'] !== $base_url_parts['path']
          )
        ) {
          // Add it to the list.
          $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = $parts;
        }
      }
    }
    // Now add local paths based on "this" server URL.
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path']);
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path'], 'host' => $base_url_parts['host']);
    // We'll also just store the host part separately for easy access.
    $filter->settings['base_url_host'] = $base_url_parts['host'];

    $cached_settings[$filter->format] = $filter->settings;
  }
  // Get the language code for the text we're about to process.
  $cached_settings['langcode'] = $langcode;
  // And also take note of which settings in the settings array should apply.
  $cached_settings['current_settings'] = &$cached_settings[$filter->format];

  // Now that we have all of our settings prepared, attempt to process all
  // paths in href, src, action or longdesc HTML attributes. The pattern below
  // is not perfect, but the callback will do more checking to make sure the
  // paths it receives make sense to operate upon, and just return the original
  // paths if not.
  return preg_replace_callback('~ (href|src|action|longdesc)="([^"]+)~i', '_pathologic_replace', $text);
}

/**
 * Process and replace paths. preg_replace_callback() callback.
 */
function _pathologic_replace($matches) {
  // Get the base path.
  global $base_path;

  // Get the settings for the filter. Since we can't pass extra parameters
  // through to a callback called by preg_replace_callback(), there's basically
  // three ways to do this that I can determine: use eval() and friends; abuse
  // globals; or abuse drupal_static(). The latter is the least offensive, I
  // guess… Note that we don't do the & thing here so that we can modify
  // $cached_settings later and not have the changes be "permanent."
  $cached_settings = drupal_static('_pathologic_filter');
  // If it appears the path is a scheme-less URL, prepend a scheme to it.
  // parse_url() cannot properly parse scheme-less URLs. Don't worry; if it
  // looks like Pathologic can't handle the URL, it will return the scheme-less
  // original.
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/1617944
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/2030789
  if (strpos($matches[2], '//') === 0) {
    if (isset($_SERVER['https']) && strtolower($_SERVER['https']) === 'on') {
      $matches[2] = 'https:' . $matches[2];
    }
    else {
      $matches[2] = 'http:' . $matches[2];
    }
  }
  // Now parse the URL after reverting HTML character encoding.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $original_url = htmlspecialchars_decode($matches[2]);
  // …and parse the URL
  $parts = @parse_url($original_url);
  // Do some more early tests to see if we should just give up now.
  if (
    // If parse_url() failed, give up.
    $parts === FALSE
    || (
      // If there's a scheme part and it doesn't look useful, bail out.
      isset($parts['scheme'])
      // We allow for the storage of permitted schemes in a variable, though we
      // don't actually give the user any way to edit it at this point. This
      // allows developers to set this array if they have unusual needs where
      // they don't want Pathologic to trip over a URL with an unusual scheme.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1834308
      // "files" and "internal" are for Path Filter compatibility.
      && !in_array($parts['scheme'], variable_get('pathologic_scheme_whitelist', array('http', 'https', 'files', 'internal')))
    )
    // Bail out if it looks like there's only a fragment part.
    || (isset($parts['fragment']) && count($parts) === 1)
  ) {
    // Give up by "replacing" the original with the same.
    return $matches[0];
  }

  if (isset($parts['path'])) {
    // Undo possible URL encoding in the path.
    // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
    $parts['path'] = rawurldecode($parts['path']);
  }
  else {
    $parts['path'] = '';
  }

  // Check to see if we're dealing with a file.
  // @todo Should we still try to do path correction on these files too?
  if (isset($parts['scheme']) && $parts['scheme'] === 'files') {
    // Path Filter "files:" support. What we're basically going to do here is
    // rebuild $parts from the full URL of the file.
    $new_parts = @parse_url(file_create_url(file_default_scheme() . '://' . $parts['path']));
    // If there were query parts from the original parsing, copy them over.
    if (!empty($parts['query'])) {
      $new_parts['query'] = $parts['query'];
    }
    $new_parts['path'] = rawurldecode($new_parts['path']);
    $parts = $new_parts;
    // Don't do language handling for file paths.
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = TRUE;
  }
  else {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = FALSE;
  }

  // Let's also bail out of this doesn't look like a local path.
  $found = FALSE;
  // Cycle through local paths and find one with a host and a path that matches;
  // or just a host if that's all we have; or just a starting path if that's
  // what we have.
  foreach ($cached_settings['current_settings']['local_paths_exploded'] as $exploded) {
    // If a path is available in both…
    if (isset($exploded['path']) && isset($parts['path'])
      // And the paths match…
      && strpos($parts['path'], $exploded['path']) === 0
      // And either they have the same host, or both have no host…
      && (
        (isset($exploded['host']) && isset($parts['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])
        || (!isset($exploded['host']) && !isset($parts['host']))
      )
    ) {
      // Remove the shared path from the path. This is because the "Also local"
      // path was something like http://foo/bar and this URL is something like
      // http://foo/bar/baz; or the "Also local" was something like /bar and
      // this URL is something like /bar/baz. And we only care about the /baz
      // part.
      $parts['path'] = drupal_substr($parts['path'], drupal_strlen($exploded['path']));
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of the foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Okay, we didn't match on path alone, or host and path together. Can we
    // match on just host? Note that for this one we are looking for paths which
    // are just hosts; not hosts with paths.
    elseif ((isset($parts['host']) && !isset($exploded['path']) && isset($exploded['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])) {
      // No further editing; just continue
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Is this is a root-relative url (no host) that didn't match above?
    // Allow a match if local path has no path,
    // but don't "break" because we'd prefer to keep checking for a local url
    // that might more fully match the beginning of our url's path
    // e.g.: if our url is /foo/bar we'll mark this as a match for
    // http://example.com but want to keep searching and would prefer a match
    // to http://example.com/foo if that's configured as a local path
    elseif (!isset($parts['host']) && (!isset($exploded['path']) || $exploded['path'] === $base_path)) {
      $found = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // If the path is not within the drupal root return original url, unchanged
  if (!$found) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // Okay, format the URL.
  // If there's still a slash lingering at the start of the path, chop it off.
  $parts['path'] = ltrim($parts['path'],'/');

  // Examine the query part of the URL. Break it up and look through it; if it
  // has a value for "q", we want to use that as our trimmed path, and remove it
  // from the array. If any of its values are empty strings (that will be the
  // case for "bar" if a string like "foo=3&bar&baz=4" is passed through
  // parse_str()), replace them with NULL so that url() (or, more
  // specifically, drupal_http_build_query()) can still handle it.
  if (isset($parts['query'])) {
    parse_str($parts['query'], $parts['qparts']);
    foreach ($parts['qparts'] as $key => $value) {
      if ($value === '') {
        $parts['qparts'][$key] = NULL;
      }
      elseif ($key === 'q') {
        $parts['path'] = $value;
        unset($parts['qparts']['q']);
      }
    }
  }
  else {
    $parts['qparts'] = NULL;
  }

  // If we don't have a path yet, bail out.
  if (!isset($parts['path'])) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If we didn't previously identify this as a file, check to see if the file
  // exists now that we have the correct path relative to DRUPAL_ROOT
  if (!$cached_settings['is_file']) {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = !empty($parts['path']) && is_file(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/'. $parts['path']);
  }

  // Okay, deal with language stuff.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file']) {
    // If we're linking to a file, use a fake LANGUAGE_NONE language object.
    // Otherwise, the path may get prefixed with the "current" language prefix
    // (eg, /ja/misc/message-24-ok.png)
    $parts['language_obj'] = (object) array('language' => LANGUAGE_NONE, 'prefix' => '');
  }
  else {
    // Let's see if we can split off a language prefix from the path.
    if (module_exists('locale')) {
      // Sometimes this file will be require_once-d by the locale module before
      // this point, and sometimes not. We require_once it ourselves to be sure.
      require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/language.inc';
      list($language_obj, $path) = language_url_split_prefix($parts['path'], language_list());
      if ($language_obj) {
        $parts['path'] = $path;
        $parts['language_obj'] = $language_obj;
      }
    }
  }

  // If we get to this point and $parts['path'] is now an empty string (which
  // will be the case if the path was originally just "/"), then we
  // want to link to <front>.
  if ($parts['path'] === '') {
    $parts['path'] = '<front>';
  }
  // Build the parameters we will send to url()
  $url_params = array(
    'path' => $parts['path'],
    'options' => array(
      'query' => $parts['qparts'],
      'fragment' => isset($parts['fragment']) ? $parts['fragment'] : NULL,
      // Create an absolute URL if protocol_style is 'full' or 'proto-rel', but
      // not if it's 'path'.
      'absolute' => $cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] !== 'path',
      // If we seem to have found a language for the path, pass it along to
      // url(). Otherwise, ignore the 'language' parameter.
      'language' => isset($parts['language_obj']) ? $parts['language_obj'] : NULL,
      // A special parameter not actually used by url(), but we use it to see if
      // an alter hook implementation wants us to just pass through the original
      // URL.
      'use_original' => FALSE,
    ),
  );

  // Add the original URL to the parts array
  $parts['original'] = $original_url;

  // Now alter!
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1762022
  drupal_alter('pathologic', $url_params, $parts, $cached_settings);

  // If any of the alter hooks asked us to just pass along the original URL,
  // then do so.
  if ($url_params['options']['use_original']) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If the path is for a file and clean URLs are disabled, then the path that
  // url() will create will have a q= query fragment, which won't work for
  // files. To avoid that, we use this trick to temporarily turn clean URLs on.
  // This is horrible, but it seems to be the sanest way to do this.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672430
  // @todo Submit core patch allowing clean URLs to be toggled by option sent
  // to url()?
  if (!empty($cached_settings['is_file'])) {
    $cached_settings['orig_clean_url'] = !empty($GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url']);
    if (!$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
      $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // Now for the url() call. Drumroll, please…
  $url = url($url_params['path'], $url_params['options']);

  // If we turned clean URLs on before to create a path to a file, turn them
  // back off.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file'] && !$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
    $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = FALSE;
  }

  // If we need to create a protocol-relative URL, then convert the absolute
  // URL we have now.
  if ($cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] === 'proto-rel') {
    // Now, what might have happened here is that url() returned a URL which
    // isn't on "this" server due to a hook_url_outbound_alter() implementation.
    // We don't want to convert the URL in that case. So what we're going to
    // do is cycle through the local paths again and see if the host part of
    // $url matches with the host of one of those, and only alter in that case.
    $url_parts = @parse_url($url);
    if (!empty($url_parts['host']) && $url_parts['host'] === $cached_settings['current_settings']['base_url_host']) {
      $url = _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url);
    }
  }

  // Apply HTML character encoding, as is required for HTML attributes.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $url = check_plain($url);
  // $matches[1] will be the tag attribute; src, href, etc.
  return " {$matches[1]}=\"{$url}";
}

/**
 * Convert a full URL with a protocol to a protocol-relative URL.
 *
 * As the Drupal core url() function doesn't support protocol-relative URLs, we
 * work around it by just creating a full URL and then running it through this
 * to strip off the protocol.
 *
 * Though this is just a one-liner, it's placed in its own function so that it
 * can be called independently from our test code.
 */
function _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url) {
  return preg_replace('~^https?://~', '//', $url);
}
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                                      <h1 id="page-title">#for_researcher</h1>
                  
                  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/validit-predittiva-di-uno-strumento-2-passaggi-nell-identificare-la-fragilit-nell-assistenza" rel="bookmark">Validità predittiva di uno strumento a 2 passaggi nell’identificare la fragilità nell’assistenza sanitaria primaria  </a>
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  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md1"><div class="field-item even"><h3>J.A.L. van Kempen, H.J. Schers, I. Philp, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">BMC Medicine. 2015;13:287</span></em></p>
<p>L’ EASY-Care Two step Older people Screening (EASY-Care TOS) è uno strumento a due passaggi utilizzato per identificare i soggetti fragili a rischio di esiti negativi di salute nell’assistenza sanitaria primaria.</p>
<p>Questo studio ha come obiettivo quello di determinare il valore predittivo di questo strumento per gli esiti di salute negativi, entro un anno dalla valutazione. I medici di base utilizzano l’ EASY-Care TOS quando secondo il loro giudizio è necessario effettuare ulteriori valutazioni, in tal modo potranno predire gli esiti negativi di salute nella loro popolazione anziana in modo efficiente e accurato, paragonabile alla valutazione multidimensionale geriatrica (VMD).</p>
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<article id="node-502" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/l-anticorpo-diretto-verso-la-miostatina-ly2495655-negli-anziani-deboli-soggetti-cadute-uno-studio" rel="bookmark">L’anticorpo diretto verso la miostatina (LY2495655) negli anziani deboli soggetti a cadute: uno studio randomizzato di fase 2 </a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md2"><div class="field-item even"><h3>C. Becker, S.R. Lord, S.A. Studenski, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:948-957</span></em></p>
<p>La miostatina inibisce la crescita della muscolatura scheletrica. L’anticorpo monoclonale umanizzato LY2495655 (LY), lega e neutralizza la miostatina. Questo studio è volto a testare se LY aumenta la massa magra appendicolare (aLBM) e se migliora la prestazione fisica negli anziani che sono caduti di recente e che presentano ridotta forza e potenza muscolare. A 24 settimane, la variazione media dei minimi quadrati per aLBM era di -0.123 kg per il gruppo sottoposto a placebo, mentre nel gruppo a cui veniva somministrato l’anticorpo la variazione era di 0.303 kg (P &lt; 0.0001). Questo risultato ha mostrato che il trattamento con l’anticorpo aumenta la massa magra e può migliorare le misure funzionali di potenza muscolare.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/l-anticorpo-diretto-verso-la-miostatina-ly2495655-negli-anziani-deboli-soggetti-cadute-uno-studio" rel="tag" title="L’anticorpo diretto verso la miostatina (LY2495655) negli anziani deboli soggetti a cadute: uno studio randomizzato di fase 2 ">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su L’anticorpo diretto verso la miostatina (LY2495655) negli anziani deboli soggetti a cadute: uno studio randomizzato di fase 2 </span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-497" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/associazione-tra-ipoacusia-cadute-e-fragilit-incidente-negli-anziani" rel="bookmark">Associazione tra ipoacusia, cadute e fragilità incidente negli anziani</a>
        </h1>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md3"><div class="field-item even"><h3>R.J. Kamil, J. Betz, B. Brott Powers, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Journal of Aging and Health.2016;28(4):644-60</span></em></p>
<p>L’ipoacusia è molto diffusa negli anziani, tuttavia è sotto trattata. Sebbene essa contribuisca al rischio d’insorgenza di fragilità resta poco studiata. Questo studio ha il compito di determinare se negli anziani l’ipoacusia è associata allo sviluppo di fragilità e alle cadute. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano che l’ ipoacusia moderata o severa è associata all’aumento del rischio di sviluppare fragilità, e che l’ipoacusia è associata all’aumento annuale del rischio di cadute.</p>
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<article id="node-494" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/fattori-di-richio-e-prevalenza-di-sarcopenia-tra-gli-anziani-che-vivono-residenze-anziani" rel="bookmark">Fattori di richio e prevalenza di sarcopenia tra gli anziani che vivono in residenze per anziani</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md4"><div class="field-item even"><h3>H.E. Senior, T.R. Henwood, E.M. Beller, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Maturitas. 2015; 82: 418–423</span></em></p>
<p>La sarcopenia è definita come progressiva perdita di massa e di funzione muscolare con conseguenze significative per gli anziani sulla salute e sulla disabilità. Questo studio è volto a valutare la prevalenza ed i fattori di rischio di sarcopenia tra anziani ospiti di residenze per anziani, mediante l’uso dei criteri dell’ EWGSOP.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/fattori-di-richio-e-prevalenza-di-sarcopenia-tra-gli-anziani-che-vivono-residenze-anziani" rel="tag" title="Fattori di richio e prevalenza di sarcopenia tra gli anziani che vivono in residenze per anziani">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su Fattori di richio e prevalenza di sarcopenia tra gli anziani che vivono in residenze per anziani</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-489" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/impatto-del-sonno-sulla-sarcopenia-possibili-connessioni-ed-implicazioni-cliniche" rel="bookmark">Impatto del sonno sulla sarcopenia: possibili connessioni ed implicazioni cliniche </a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md5"><div class="field-item even"><h3>R.D. Piovezan, J. Abucham, R.V. Dos Santos, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Ageing Res Rev. 2015;23(Pt B):210-20</span></em></p>
<p>Riduzioni nella durata e nella qualità del sonno, l’aumento della prevalenza dei ritmi cicardiani e dei disturbi del sonno che si verificano con l’età, aumentano la proteolisi, modificano la composizione corporea ed aumentano il rischio di insulino-resistenza, tutto ciò è associato all’insorgenza di sarcopenia. Approcci terapeutici mirati ai disturbi del sonno, al fine di normalizzare i ritmi cicardiani e l’omeostasi del sonno, possono rappresentare una strategia innovativa per preservare o recuperare la salute dei muscoli negli anziani.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/impatto-del-sonno-sulla-sarcopenia-possibili-connessioni-ed-implicazioni-cliniche" rel="tag" title="Impatto del sonno sulla sarcopenia: possibili connessioni ed implicazioni cliniche ">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su Impatto del sonno sulla sarcopenia: possibili connessioni ed implicazioni cliniche </span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-484" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/l-energetica-dell-invecchiamento-e-della-fragilit-lo-studio-fradea-0" rel="bookmark">L’energetica dell’invecchiamento e della fragilità: lo studio FRADEA</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md6"><div class="field-item even"><h3>P. Abizanda, L. Romero, P.M. Sánchez-Jurado, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(6):787-96</span></em></p>
<p>Il tasso metabolico a riposo (RMR) e la spesa di energia totale giornaliera (TDEE) si riducono con l’età, ma non è noto se è la fragilità a modulare questa associazione. Gli autori hanno ipotizzato che i valori di RMR e TDEE sono simili tra i giovani adulti e gli anziani non fragili, mentre essi sono inferiori negli anziani prefragili e in quelli fragili rispetto ai giovani adulti. Questo studio mostra che la condizione di fragilità modula le richieste energetiche dell’invecchiamento. Gli anziani fragili e prefragili presentano un ridotto eRMR rispetto agli anziani non fragili.</p>
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<article id="node-479" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/consumo-di-latticini-e-rischio-di-fragilit-negli-anziani-uno-studio-prospettico-di-coorte-0" rel="bookmark">Consumo di latticini e rischio di fragilità negli anziani: Uno studio prospettico di coorte</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md7"><div class="field-item even"><h3>A. Lana, F. Rodriguez-Artalejo e E. Lopez-Garcia</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(9):1852-60</span></em></p>
<p>Alcuni studi hanno riscontrato effetti positivi collegati all’assunzione di latticini negli anziani, ma le evidenze inerenti a questa raccomandazione restano scarse. Questo studio ha esaminato l’associazione tra il consumo di latticini e il rischio di fragilità negli anziani residenti in comunità. I dati ottenuti mostrano che l’elevato consumo di latte e yogurt magro sono associati ad un inferiore rischio di sviluppare la fragilità e nello specifico ad un ridotto rischio di perdita involontaria di peso e di riduzione della velocità del cammino.</p>
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<article id="node-474" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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          <a href="/it/restrizione-calorica-ed-esercizio-aerobico-nelle-donne-anziane-obese-sarcopeniche-e-non-uno-studio-0" rel="bookmark">Restrizione calorica ed esercizio aerobico nelle donne anziane obese, sarcopeniche e non: uno studio retrospettivo osservazionale </a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md8"><div class="field-item even"><h3>S. Barbat-Artigas, S. Garnier, S. Joffroy, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7(3):284-9</span></em></p>
<p>L’obiettivo di questo studio osservazionale retrospettivo è quello di verificare l’effetto di un programma di perdita di peso, che combina la restrizione calorica, gli esercizi sulla composizione corporea e il profilo lipidico delle lipoproteine di donne obese, in accordo con la loro condizione di sarcopenia. I dati ottenuti suggeriscono che un breve programma di perdita di peso che combina la restrizione calorica e l’esercizio aerobico può ridurre significativamente la massa grassa e migliorare il profilo lipidico delle lipoproteine nelle donne obese, indipendentemente dalla loro condizione di sarcopenia. Tali programmi possono avere effetti deleteri sulla massa magra solo nei soggetti obesi non sarcopenici.</p>
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<article id="node-469" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/la-relazione-tra-i-polifenoli-totali-urinari-e-il-fenotipo-di-fragilit-negli-anziani-residenti" rel="bookmark">La relazione tra i polifenoli totali urinari e il fenotipo di fragilità negli anziani residenti in comunità: lo studio InCHIANTI</a>
        </h1>
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  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md9"><div class="field-item even"><h3>M. Urpi-Sarda, C. Andres-Lacueva, M. Rabassa, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold"><strong>J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(9):1141-7</strong></span></em></p>
<p>Numerosi studi suggeriscono che la qualità della dieta influenza lo sviluppo di fragilità. Gli autori di questo studio ipotizzano che la fragilità negli anziani potrebbe essere associata all’apporto totale di polifenoli (DTP) con la dieta, e con il suo biomarcatore, ovvero i polifenoli totali nelle urine (UTP). I dati ottenuti mostrano che elevate concentrazioni di UTP erano associate ad una bassa prevalenza di fragilità e prefragilità. Una dieta ricca di polifenoli può proteggere gli anziani dall’insorgenza della fragilità.</p>
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<article id="node-465" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/la-postura-del-tronco-durante-il-cammino-un-miglior-indicatore-rispetto-alla-velocit-dell-andatura-0" rel="bookmark">La postura del tronco durante il cammino è un miglior indicatore rispetto alla velocità dell’andatura del declino della funzione e della successiva fragilità?  </a>
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  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md10"><div class="field-item even"><h3>R.A. Merchant, S. Banerji, G. Singh, E. Chew, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(1):65-70</span></em></p>
<p>Gli anziani compensano bene il declino delle riserve fisiologiche mediante cambiamenti ambientali e con l’adattamento della postura.</p>
<p>Questo studio è volto ad analizzare e identificare gli adattamenti significativi della postura negli anziani, i quali sono fondamentali per il mantenimento della velocità dell’andatura e per affrontare l’aumento di vulnerabilità. I dati ottenuti suggeriscono che identificare gli adattamenti posturali prima dell’ insorgenza del declino della velocità dell’andatura aiuta a pianificare gli interventi in una comunità di anziani a rischio</p>
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