/**
* Note: This file may contain artifacts of previous malicious infection.
* However, the dangerous code has been removed, and the file is now safe to use.
*/

/**
 * @file
 * Pathologic text filter for Drupal.
 *
 * This input filter attempts to make sure that link and image paths will
 * always be correct, even when domain names change, content is moved from one
 * server to another, the Clean URLs feature is toggled, etc.
 */

/**
 * Implements hook_filter_info().
 */
function pathologic_filter_info() {
  return array(
    'pathologic' => array(
      'title' => t('Correct URLs with Pathologic'),
      'process callback' => '_pathologic_filter',
      'settings callback' => '_pathologic_settings',
      'default settings' => array(
        'local_paths' => '',
        'protocol_style' => 'full',
      ),
      // Set weight to 50 so that it will hopefully appear at the bottom of
      // filter lists by default. 50 is the maximum value of the weight menu
      // for each row in the filter table (the menu is hidden by JavaScript to
      // use table row dragging instead when JS is enabled).
      'weight' => 50,
    )
  );
}

/**
 * Settings callback for Pathologic.
 */
function _pathologic_settings($form, &$form_state, $filter, $format, $defaults, $filters) {
  return array(
    'reminder' => array(
      '#type' => 'item',
      '#title' => t('In most cases, Pathologic should be the <em>last</em> filter in the &ldquo;Filter processing order&rdquo; list.'),
      '#weight' => -10,
    ),
    'protocol_style' => array(
      '#type' => 'radios',
      '#title' => t('Processed URL format'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['protocol_style']) ? $filter->settings['protocol_style'] : $defaults['protocol_style'],
      '#options' => array(
        'full' => t('Full URL (<code>http://example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'proto-rel' => t('Protocol relative URL (<code>//example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'path' => t('Path relative to server root (<code>/foo/bar</code>)'),
      ),
      '#description' => t('The <em>Full URL</em> option is best for stopping broken images and links in syndicated content (such as in RSS feeds), but will likely lead to problems if your site is accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS. Paths output with the <em>Protocol relative URL</em> option will avoid such problems, but feed readers and other software not using up-to-date standards may be confused by the paths. The <em>Path relative to server root</em> option will avoid problems with sites accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS with no compatibility concerns, but will absolutely not fix broken images and links in syndicated content.'),
      '#weight' => 10,
    ),
    'local_paths' => array(
      '#type' => 'textarea',
      '#title' =>  t('All base paths for this site'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['local_paths']) ? $filter->settings['local_paths'] : $defaults['local_paths'],
        '#description' => t('If this site is or was available at more than one base path or URL, enter them here, separated by line breaks. For example, if this site is live at <code>http://example.com/</code> but has a staging version at <code>http://dev.example.org/staging/</code>, you would enter both those URLs here. If confused, please read <a href="!docs">Pathologic&rsquo;s documentation</a> for more information about this option and what it affects.', array('!docs' => 'http://drupal.org/node/257026')),
      '#weight' => 20,
    ),
  );
}

/**
 * Pathologic filter callback.
 *
 * Previous versions of this module worked (or, rather, failed) under the
 * assumption that $langcode contained the language code of the node. Sadly,
 * this isn't the case.
 * @see http://drupal.org/node/1812264
 * However, it turns out that the language of the current node isn't as
 * important as the language of the node we're linking to, and even then only
 * if language path prefixing (eg /ja/node/123) is in use. REMEMBER THIS IN THE
 * FUTURE, ALBRIGHT.
 *
 * The below code uses the @ operator before parse_url() calls because in PHP
 * 5.3.2 and earlier, parse_url() causes a warning of parsing fails. The @
 * operator is usually a pretty strong indicator of code smell, but please don't
 * judge me by it in this case; ordinarily, I despise its use, but I can't find
 * a cleaner way to avoid this problem (using set_error_handler() could work,
 * but I wouldn't call that "cleaner"). Fortunately, Drupal 8 will require at
 * least PHP 5.3.5, so this mess doesn't have to spread into the D8 branch of
 * Pathologic.
 * @see https://drupal.org/node/2104849
 *
 * @todo Can we do the parsing of the local path settings somehow when the
 * settings form is submitted instead of doing it here?
 */
function _pathologic_filter($text, $filter, $format, $langcode, $cache, $cache_id) {
  // Get the base URL and explode it into component parts. We add these parts
  // to the exploded local paths settings later.
  global $base_url;
  $base_url_parts = @parse_url($base_url . '/');
  // Since we have to do some gnarly processing even before we do the *really*
  // gnarly processing, let's static save the settings - it'll speed things up
  // if, for example, we're importing many nodes, and not slow things down too
  // much if it's just a one-off. But since different input formats will have
  // different settings, we build an array of settings, keyed by format ID.
  $cached_settings = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, array());
  if (!isset($cached_settings[$filter->format])) {
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'] = array();
    if ($filter->settings['local_paths'] !== '') {
      // Build an array of the exploded local paths for this format's settings.
      // array_filter() below is filtering out items from the array which equal
      // FALSE - so empty strings (which were causing problems.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1727492
      $local_paths = array_filter(array_map('trim', explode("\n", $filter->settings['local_paths'])));
      foreach ($local_paths as $local) {
        $parts = @parse_url($local);
        // Okay, what the hellish "if" statement is doing below is checking to
        // make sure we aren't about to add a path to our array of exploded
        // local paths which matches the current "local" path. We consider it
        // not a match, if…
        // @todo: This is pretty horrible. Can this be simplified?
        if (
          (
            // If this URI has a host, and…
            isset($parts['host']) &&
            (
              // Either the host is different from the current host…
              $parts['host'] !== $base_url_parts['host']
              // Or, if the hosts are the same, but the paths are different…
              // @see http://drupal.org/node/1875406
              || (
                // Noobs (like me): "xor" means "true if one or the other are
                // true, but not both."
                (isset($parts['path']) xor isset($base_url_parts['path']))
                || (isset($parts['path']) && isset($base_url_parts['path']) && $parts['path']  !== $base_url_parts['path'])
              )
            )
          ) ||
          // Or…
          (
            // The URI doesn't have a host…
            !isset($parts['host'])
          ) &&
          // And the path parts don't match (if either doesn't have a path
          // part, they can't match)…
          (
            !isset($parts['path']) ||
            !isset($base_url_parts['path']) ||
            $parts['path'] !== $base_url_parts['path']
          )
        ) {
          // Add it to the list.
          $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = $parts;
        }
      }
    }
    // Now add local paths based on "this" server URL.
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path']);
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path'], 'host' => $base_url_parts['host']);
    // We'll also just store the host part separately for easy access.
    $filter->settings['base_url_host'] = $base_url_parts['host'];

    $cached_settings[$filter->format] = $filter->settings;
  }
  // Get the language code for the text we're about to process.
  $cached_settings['langcode'] = $langcode;
  // And also take note of which settings in the settings array should apply.
  $cached_settings['current_settings'] = &$cached_settings[$filter->format];

  // Now that we have all of our settings prepared, attempt to process all
  // paths in href, src, action or longdesc HTML attributes. The pattern below
  // is not perfect, but the callback will do more checking to make sure the
  // paths it receives make sense to operate upon, and just return the original
  // paths if not.
  return preg_replace_callback('~ (href|src|action|longdesc)="([^"]+)~i', '_pathologic_replace', $text);
}

/**
 * Process and replace paths. preg_replace_callback() callback.
 */
function _pathologic_replace($matches) {
  // Get the base path.
  global $base_path;

  // Get the settings for the filter. Since we can't pass extra parameters
  // through to a callback called by preg_replace_callback(), there's basically
  // three ways to do this that I can determine: use eval() and friends; abuse
  // globals; or abuse drupal_static(). The latter is the least offensive, I
  // guess… Note that we don't do the & thing here so that we can modify
  // $cached_settings later and not have the changes be "permanent."
  $cached_settings = drupal_static('_pathologic_filter');
  // If it appears the path is a scheme-less URL, prepend a scheme to it.
  // parse_url() cannot properly parse scheme-less URLs. Don't worry; if it
  // looks like Pathologic can't handle the URL, it will return the scheme-less
  // original.
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/1617944
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/2030789
  if (strpos($matches[2], '//') === 0) {
    if (isset($_SERVER['https']) && strtolower($_SERVER['https']) === 'on') {
      $matches[2] = 'https:' . $matches[2];
    }
    else {
      $matches[2] = 'http:' . $matches[2];
    }
  }
  // Now parse the URL after reverting HTML character encoding.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $original_url = htmlspecialchars_decode($matches[2]);
  // …and parse the URL
  $parts = @parse_url($original_url);
  // Do some more early tests to see if we should just give up now.
  if (
    // If parse_url() failed, give up.
    $parts === FALSE
    || (
      // If there's a scheme part and it doesn't look useful, bail out.
      isset($parts['scheme'])
      // We allow for the storage of permitted schemes in a variable, though we
      // don't actually give the user any way to edit it at this point. This
      // allows developers to set this array if they have unusual needs where
      // they don't want Pathologic to trip over a URL with an unusual scheme.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1834308
      // "files" and "internal" are for Path Filter compatibility.
      && !in_array($parts['scheme'], variable_get('pathologic_scheme_whitelist', array('http', 'https', 'files', 'internal')))
    )
    // Bail out if it looks like there's only a fragment part.
    || (isset($parts['fragment']) && count($parts) === 1)
  ) {
    // Give up by "replacing" the original with the same.
    return $matches[0];
  }

  if (isset($parts['path'])) {
    // Undo possible URL encoding in the path.
    // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
    $parts['path'] = rawurldecode($parts['path']);
  }
  else {
    $parts['path'] = '';
  }

  // Check to see if we're dealing with a file.
  // @todo Should we still try to do path correction on these files too?
  if (isset($parts['scheme']) && $parts['scheme'] === 'files') {
    // Path Filter "files:" support. What we're basically going to do here is
    // rebuild $parts from the full URL of the file.
    $new_parts = @parse_url(file_create_url(file_default_scheme() . '://' . $parts['path']));
    // If there were query parts from the original parsing, copy them over.
    if (!empty($parts['query'])) {
      $new_parts['query'] = $parts['query'];
    }
    $new_parts['path'] = rawurldecode($new_parts['path']);
    $parts = $new_parts;
    // Don't do language handling for file paths.
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = TRUE;
  }
  else {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = FALSE;
  }

  // Let's also bail out of this doesn't look like a local path.
  $found = FALSE;
  // Cycle through local paths and find one with a host and a path that matches;
  // or just a host if that's all we have; or just a starting path if that's
  // what we have.
  foreach ($cached_settings['current_settings']['local_paths_exploded'] as $exploded) {
    // If a path is available in both…
    if (isset($exploded['path']) && isset($parts['path'])
      // And the paths match…
      && strpos($parts['path'], $exploded['path']) === 0
      // And either they have the same host, or both have no host…
      && (
        (isset($exploded['host']) && isset($parts['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])
        || (!isset($exploded['host']) && !isset($parts['host']))
      )
    ) {
      // Remove the shared path from the path. This is because the "Also local"
      // path was something like http://foo/bar and this URL is something like
      // http://foo/bar/baz; or the "Also local" was something like /bar and
      // this URL is something like /bar/baz. And we only care about the /baz
      // part.
      $parts['path'] = drupal_substr($parts['path'], drupal_strlen($exploded['path']));
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of the foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Okay, we didn't match on path alone, or host and path together. Can we
    // match on just host? Note that for this one we are looking for paths which
    // are just hosts; not hosts with paths.
    elseif ((isset($parts['host']) && !isset($exploded['path']) && isset($exploded['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])) {
      // No further editing; just continue
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Is this is a root-relative url (no host) that didn't match above?
    // Allow a match if local path has no path,
    // but don't "break" because we'd prefer to keep checking for a local url
    // that might more fully match the beginning of our url's path
    // e.g.: if our url is /foo/bar we'll mark this as a match for
    // http://example.com but want to keep searching and would prefer a match
    // to http://example.com/foo if that's configured as a local path
    elseif (!isset($parts['host']) && (!isset($exploded['path']) || $exploded['path'] === $base_path)) {
      $found = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // If the path is not within the drupal root return original url, unchanged
  if (!$found) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // Okay, format the URL.
  // If there's still a slash lingering at the start of the path, chop it off.
  $parts['path'] = ltrim($parts['path'],'/');

  // Examine the query part of the URL. Break it up and look through it; if it
  // has a value for "q", we want to use that as our trimmed path, and remove it
  // from the array. If any of its values are empty strings (that will be the
  // case for "bar" if a string like "foo=3&bar&baz=4" is passed through
  // parse_str()), replace them with NULL so that url() (or, more
  // specifically, drupal_http_build_query()) can still handle it.
  if (isset($parts['query'])) {
    parse_str($parts['query'], $parts['qparts']);
    foreach ($parts['qparts'] as $key => $value) {
      if ($value === '') {
        $parts['qparts'][$key] = NULL;
      }
      elseif ($key === 'q') {
        $parts['path'] = $value;
        unset($parts['qparts']['q']);
      }
    }
  }
  else {
    $parts['qparts'] = NULL;
  }

  // If we don't have a path yet, bail out.
  if (!isset($parts['path'])) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If we didn't previously identify this as a file, check to see if the file
  // exists now that we have the correct path relative to DRUPAL_ROOT
  if (!$cached_settings['is_file']) {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = !empty($parts['path']) && is_file(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/'. $parts['path']);
  }

  // Okay, deal with language stuff.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file']) {
    // If we're linking to a file, use a fake LANGUAGE_NONE language object.
    // Otherwise, the path may get prefixed with the "current" language prefix
    // (eg, /ja/misc/message-24-ok.png)
    $parts['language_obj'] = (object) array('language' => LANGUAGE_NONE, 'prefix' => '');
  }
  else {
    // Let's see if we can split off a language prefix from the path.
    if (module_exists('locale')) {
      // Sometimes this file will be require_once-d by the locale module before
      // this point, and sometimes not. We require_once it ourselves to be sure.
      require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/language.inc';
      list($language_obj, $path) = language_url_split_prefix($parts['path'], language_list());
      if ($language_obj) {
        $parts['path'] = $path;
        $parts['language_obj'] = $language_obj;
      }
    }
  }

  // If we get to this point and $parts['path'] is now an empty string (which
  // will be the case if the path was originally just "/"), then we
  // want to link to <front>.
  if ($parts['path'] === '') {
    $parts['path'] = '<front>';
  }
  // Build the parameters we will send to url()
  $url_params = array(
    'path' => $parts['path'],
    'options' => array(
      'query' => $parts['qparts'],
      'fragment' => isset($parts['fragment']) ? $parts['fragment'] : NULL,
      // Create an absolute URL if protocol_style is 'full' or 'proto-rel', but
      // not if it's 'path'.
      'absolute' => $cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] !== 'path',
      // If we seem to have found a language for the path, pass it along to
      // url(). Otherwise, ignore the 'language' parameter.
      'language' => isset($parts['language_obj']) ? $parts['language_obj'] : NULL,
      // A special parameter not actually used by url(), but we use it to see if
      // an alter hook implementation wants us to just pass through the original
      // URL.
      'use_original' => FALSE,
    ),
  );

  // Add the original URL to the parts array
  $parts['original'] = $original_url;

  // Now alter!
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1762022
  drupal_alter('pathologic', $url_params, $parts, $cached_settings);

  // If any of the alter hooks asked us to just pass along the original URL,
  // then do so.
  if ($url_params['options']['use_original']) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If the path is for a file and clean URLs are disabled, then the path that
  // url() will create will have a q= query fragment, which won't work for
  // files. To avoid that, we use this trick to temporarily turn clean URLs on.
  // This is horrible, but it seems to be the sanest way to do this.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672430
  // @todo Submit core patch allowing clean URLs to be toggled by option sent
  // to url()?
  if (!empty($cached_settings['is_file'])) {
    $cached_settings['orig_clean_url'] = !empty($GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url']);
    if (!$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
      $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // Now for the url() call. Drumroll, please…
  $url = url($url_params['path'], $url_params['options']);

  // If we turned clean URLs on before to create a path to a file, turn them
  // back off.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file'] && !$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
    $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = FALSE;
  }

  // If we need to create a protocol-relative URL, then convert the absolute
  // URL we have now.
  if ($cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] === 'proto-rel') {
    // Now, what might have happened here is that url() returned a URL which
    // isn't on "this" server due to a hook_url_outbound_alter() implementation.
    // We don't want to convert the URL in that case. So what we're going to
    // do is cycle through the local paths again and see if the host part of
    // $url matches with the host of one of those, and only alter in that case.
    $url_parts = @parse_url($url);
    if (!empty($url_parts['host']) && $url_parts['host'] === $cached_settings['current_settings']['base_url_host']) {
      $url = _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url);
    }
  }

  // Apply HTML character encoding, as is required for HTML attributes.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $url = check_plain($url);
  // $matches[1] will be the tag attribute; src, href, etc.
  return " {$matches[1]}=\"{$url}";
}

/**
 * Convert a full URL with a protocol to a protocol-relative URL.
 *
 * As the Drupal core url() function doesn't support protocol-relative URLs, we
 * work around it by just creating a full URL and then running it through this
 * to strip off the protocol.
 *
 * Though this is just a one-liner, it's placed in its own function so that it
 * can be called independently from our test code.
 */
function _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url) {
  return preg_replace('~^https?://~', '//', $url);
}
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                                      <h1 id="page-title">#for_researcher</h1>
                  
                  
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  <section class="nodes"><article id="node-806" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/prevalenza-della-fragilit-e-dei-fattori-ad-essa-associati-anziani-con-et-90-anni-90-study-0" rel="bookmark">Prevalenza della fragilità e dei fattori ad essa associati, in anziani con età ≥ 90 anni: The 90+ Study</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md1"><div class="field-item even"><h3>D.R. Lee, C.H. Kawas, L. Gibbs, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(11):2257-2262</span></em></p>
Questo studio ha stimato che la prevalenza complessiva della fragilità è del 28,0% nelle persone di età maggiore uguale a 90 anni. Nei soggetti aventi un ‘età compresa tra i 90 e i 94 anni la prevalenza complessiva di fragilità era del 24%, mentre era del  39,5% nei soggetti con età uguale o superiore ai 95 anni. La prevalenza della fragilità si associava in modo significativo all’età nelle donne, ma non gli uomini, così come con il vivere insieme a familiari o insieme ad altri.</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/prevalenza-della-fragilit-e-dei-fattori-ad-essa-associati-anziani-con-et-90-anni-90-study-0" rel="tag" title="Prevalenza della fragilità e dei fattori ad essa associati, in anziani con età ≥ 90 anni: The 90+ Study">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su Prevalenza della fragilità e dei fattori ad essa associati, in anziani con età ≥ 90 anni: The 90+ Study</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-804" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/la-fragilit-come-fattore-principale-l-aumento-del-rischio-di-morte-e-disabilit-negli-anziani-con-1" rel="bookmark">La fragilità come fattore principale per l’aumento del rischio di morte e disabilità negli anziani con diabete</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md2"><div class="field-item even"><h3>M. Castro-Rodríguez, J.A. Carnicero, F. J. Garcia-Garcia, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(10):949-55</span></em></p>
In questo studio di prospettico di coorte, su 1825 soggetti (età ≥ 65 anni) si è analizzato l’influenza della fragilità sulla mortalità e sull’incidenza di disabilità negli anziani con diabete mellito di tipo 2.
I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che la fragilità è un fattore di rischio per la mortalità e per la disabilità negli anziani con diabete. Pertanto questo studio avvalora le recenti raccomandazioni che indicano di valutare lo stato di fragilità nella pratica clinica di routine negli anziani con diabete mellito di tipo 2.</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/la-fragilit-come-fattore-principale-l-aumento-del-rischio-di-morte-e-disabilit-negli-anziani-con-1" rel="tag" title="La fragilità come fattore principale per l’aumento del rischio di morte e disabilità negli anziani con diabete">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su La fragilità come fattore principale per l’aumento del rischio di morte e disabilità negli anziani con diabete</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-795" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/la-fragilit-negli-anziani-associata-all-aumento-del-rischio-di-diabete-2-incidente" rel="bookmark">La fragilità negli anziani è associata all’aumento del rischio di diabete 2 incidente</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md3"><div class="field-item even"><h3>N. Veronese, B. Stubbs, L. Fontana, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(10):902-7</span></em></p>
Questo studio longitudinale (follow-up di 4.4 anni) è volto ad indagare se la fragilità si associa all’aumento del rischio dell’incidenza del diabete mellito di tipo 2 (T2DM) in una coorte di anziani residenti in comunità.
Tra gli anziani residenti in comunità, la fragilità e pre-fragilità erano fattori di rischio indipendente per  il T2DM, il quale è il principale fattore di rischio potenzialmente prevenibile per numerose comorbidità.</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/la-fragilit-negli-anziani-associata-all-aumento-del-rischio-di-diabete-2-incidente" rel="tag" title="La fragilità negli anziani è associata all’aumento del rischio di diabete 2 incidente">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su La fragilità negli anziani è associata all’aumento del rischio di diabete 2 incidente</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-783" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/case-finding-la-sarcopenia-nei-pazienti-geriatrici-ospedalizzati-performance-della-0" rel="bookmark">Case finding per la sarcopenia nei pazienti geriatrici ospedalizzati: performance della bioimpedenziometria rispetto alla DXA</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md4"><div class="field-item even"><h3>J. Reiss, B. Iglseder, M. Kreutzer, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">BMC Geriatr. 2016;16(1):52</span></em></p>
Il Gruppo di Lavoro Europeo sulla Sarcopenia (EWGSOP) suggerisce metodi differenti per il rilevamento della sarcopenia. Tuttavia, mancano dati di confronto di queste metodiche nei pazienti geriatrici ricoverati.
In questo studio si è visto che la massa muscolare misurata mediante BIA era altamente correlata alla DXA (r > 0.9), tuttavia la BIA sovrastima sistematicamente la massa muscolare. L’ accordo tra gli approcci basati su BIA e DXA nel classificare i partecipanti come aventi normale o ridotta massa muscolare era dell’80% in relazione ai cut-off utilizzati per la BIA.</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/case-finding-la-sarcopenia-nei-pazienti-geriatrici-ospedalizzati-performance-della-0" rel="tag" title="Case finding per la sarcopenia nei pazienti geriatrici ospedalizzati: performance della bioimpedenziometria rispetto alla DXA">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su Case finding per la sarcopenia nei pazienti geriatrici ospedalizzati: performance della bioimpedenziometria rispetto alla DXA</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-772" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/la-fragilit-come-predittore-di-fratture-negli-anziani-residenti-comunit-una-revisione-sistematica-0" rel="bookmark">La fragilità come predittore di fratture negli anziani residenti in comunità: Una revisione sistematica e meta-analisi</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md5"><div class="field-item even"><h3>G. Kojima </h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Bone. 2016;90:116-122</span></em></p>
In questa revisione sistematica e meta-analisi sono riportate evidenze a supporto della fragilità e pre-fragilità come predittori significativi di fratture negli anziani residenti in comunità.</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/la-fragilit-come-predittore-di-fratture-negli-anziani-residenti-comunit-una-revisione-sistematica-0" rel="tag" title="La fragilità come predittore di fratture negli anziani residenti in comunità: Una revisione sistematica e meta-analisi">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su La fragilità come predittore di fratture negli anziani residenti in comunità: Una revisione sistematica e meta-analisi</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-533" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/combinazione-di-interventi-nutrizionali-cognitivi-e-di-attivit-fisica-invertire-la-condizione-di-0" rel="bookmark">Combinazione di interventi nutrizionali, cognitivi e di attività fisica per invertire la condizione di fragilità negli anziani: Uno studio randomizzato controllato </a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md6"><div class="field-item even"><h3>T. P. Ng, L. Feng, M. Nyunt, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Am J Med. 2015;128:1225-1236 e1221</span></em></p>
<p>Questo studio vuole analizzare la reversibilità della condizione di fragilità in 246 anziani fragili e pre-fragili residenti in comunità, a Singapore (età media: 70 anni). I partecipanti sono stati assegnati, in modo casuale, a 5 interventi dalla durata di 6 mesi: supplementazione nutrizionale, allenamento fisico, allenamento cognitivo, combinazione di trattamenti e cura usuale. A 0, 3, 6 e 12 mesi si è valutato il punteggio di fragilità, l’indice di massa corporea, la forza d’estensione del ginocchio, la velocità dell’andamento, l’energia/vitalità, il livello fisico e gli esiti secondari (dipendenza nelle attività di vita quotidiana, ospedalizzazione e cadute).</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/combinazione-di-interventi-nutrizionali-cognitivi-e-di-attivit-fisica-invertire-la-condizione-di-0" rel="tag" title="Combinazione di interventi nutrizionali, cognitivi e di attività fisica per invertire la condizione di fragilità negli anziani: Uno studio randomizzato controllato ">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su Combinazione di interventi nutrizionali, cognitivi e di attività fisica per invertire la condizione di fragilità negli anziani: Uno studio randomizzato controllato </span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-527" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/effetto-della-supplementazione-base-vitamina-d-e-di-proteine-del-siero-arricchite-con-leucina-0" rel="bookmark">Effetto della supplementazione a base vitamina D e di proteine del siero arricchite con leucina, sulle misure di sarcopenia negli anziani, lo studio PROVIDE: uno studio clinico a doppio cieco placebo randomizzato controllato </a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md7"><div class="field-item even"><h3>J.M. Bauer, S. Verlaan, I. Bautmans, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:740-747</span></em></p>
<p>Questo studio clinico è di tipo multicentrico a doppio cieco, randomizzato, controllato con 2 gruppi in parallelo di 380 anziani sarcopenici indipendenti. L’obiettivo è quello di testare l’ipotesi secondo la quale i supplementi nutrizionali assunti per via orale possano migliorare la condizione di sarcopenia. Dallo studio emerge che la supplementazione nutrizionale migliora la massa muscolare e la funzione degli arti inferiori, e che quindi può dare dei benefici nei pazienti geriatrici.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
</div>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/effetto-della-supplementazione-base-vitamina-d-e-di-proteine-del-siero-arricchite-con-leucina-0" rel="tag" title="Effetto della supplementazione a base vitamina D e di proteine del siero arricchite con leucina, sulle misure di sarcopenia negli anziani, lo studio PROVIDE: uno studio clinico a doppio cieco placebo randomizzato controllato ">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su Effetto della supplementazione a base vitamina D e di proteine del siero arricchite con leucina, sulle misure di sarcopenia negli anziani, lo studio PROVIDE: uno studio clinico a doppio cieco placebo randomizzato controllato </span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-522" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/attivit-fisica-massa-muscolare-forza-della-gamba-determinate-dall-accelerometro-anziani-residenti" rel="bookmark">Attività fisica, massa muscolare, forza della gamba determinate dall’accelerometro in anziani residenti in comunità  </a>
        </h1>
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  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md8"><div class="field-item even"><h3>Y.C. Foong, N. Chherawala, D. Aitken, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;7(3):275-83</span></em></p>
<p>L’obiettivo di questo studio è quello di descrivere, in anziani che vivono a domicilio, la relazione tra l’attività fisica (PA), massa muscolare e forza ridotta negli arti inferiori determinata dall’accelerometro. Utilizzando la tecnologia dell’accelerometro, sia la quantità che l’intensità di PA determinata, presentavano una relazione dose-risposta indipendente con la percentuale di massa magra e la forza degli arti inferiori, con un largo effetto per l’attività fisica vigorosa. Il tempo impiegato in attività sedentarie era si associava negativamente alla percentuale di massa magra, ma non era associato alla forza degli arti inferiori. Il magnitudo dell’associazione tra PA e percentuale di massa magra si riduceva con l’età.</p>
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          <a href="/it/associazione-tra-il-resveratrolo-assunto-con-la-dieta-e-lo-sviluppo-della-fragilit-negli-anziani-0" rel="bookmark">Associazione tra il resveratrolo assunto con la dieta e lo sviluppo della fragilità negli anziani: lo studio Invecchiare in Chianti</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md9"><div class="field-item even"><h3>M. Rabassa, R. Zamora-Ros, M. Urpi-Sarda, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102:1534–42</span></em></p>
<p>Il resveratrolo può avere ruolo protettivo verso lo sviluppo di fragilità grazie alle sue proprietà antiossidanti e antinfiammatorie. Questo studio ha valutato in modo prospettico l’associazione tra l’assunzione abituale di resveratrolo mediante la dieta, e lo sviluppo di fragilità dopo 3, 6 e 9 anni di follow-up in anziani residenti in comunità. Questo studio ha mostrato che apporti elevati di resveratrolo assunti mediante la dieta, erano associati ad un rischio inferiore di sviluppare fragilità per i primi 3 anni di follow-up, ma non dopo un periodo più lungo.</p>
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          <a href="/it/effetti-di-un-intervento-basato-su-attivit-fisica-negli-anziani-fragili-revisione-sistematica-di-0" rel="bookmark">Effetti di un intervento basato su attività fisica negli anziani fragili: revisione sistematica di studi randomizzati controllati  </a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md10"><div class="field-item even"><h3>C. de Labra, C. Guimaraes-Pinheiro, A. Maseda, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">BMC Geriatrics. 2015;15:154</span></em></p>
<p>L’esercizio fisico si è dimostrato utile nel ridurre il rischio di numerosi esiti di salute negativi, come ad esempio la fragilità. L’obiettivo principale di questa revisione sistematica di studi clinici randomizzati controllati (RCTs), è quella di valutare gli effetti benefici di programmi di esercizio negli anziani fragili, considerando solamente quegli studi in cui la fragilità è stata definita. Questa revisione sistematica suggerisce che gli anziani fragili sembrano trarre benefici dagli interventi basati sull’attività fisica, sebbene il programma ottimale di allenamento non è tutt’ora noto.</p>
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