/**
* Note: This file may contain artifacts of previous malicious infection.
* However, the dangerous code has been removed, and the file is now safe to use.
*/

/**
 * @file
 * Pathologic text filter for Drupal.
 *
 * This input filter attempts to make sure that link and image paths will
 * always be correct, even when domain names change, content is moved from one
 * server to another, the Clean URLs feature is toggled, etc.
 */

/**
 * Implements hook_filter_info().
 */
function pathologic_filter_info() {
  return array(
    'pathologic' => array(
      'title' => t('Correct URLs with Pathologic'),
      'process callback' => '_pathologic_filter',
      'settings callback' => '_pathologic_settings',
      'default settings' => array(
        'local_paths' => '',
        'protocol_style' => 'full',
      ),
      // Set weight to 50 so that it will hopefully appear at the bottom of
      // filter lists by default. 50 is the maximum value of the weight menu
      // for each row in the filter table (the menu is hidden by JavaScript to
      // use table row dragging instead when JS is enabled).
      'weight' => 50,
    )
  );
}

/**
 * Settings callback for Pathologic.
 */
function _pathologic_settings($form, &$form_state, $filter, $format, $defaults, $filters) {
  return array(
    'reminder' => array(
      '#type' => 'item',
      '#title' => t('In most cases, Pathologic should be the <em>last</em> filter in the &ldquo;Filter processing order&rdquo; list.'),
      '#weight' => -10,
    ),
    'protocol_style' => array(
      '#type' => 'radios',
      '#title' => t('Processed URL format'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['protocol_style']) ? $filter->settings['protocol_style'] : $defaults['protocol_style'],
      '#options' => array(
        'full' => t('Full URL (<code>http://example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'proto-rel' => t('Protocol relative URL (<code>//example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'path' => t('Path relative to server root (<code>/foo/bar</code>)'),
      ),
      '#description' => t('The <em>Full URL</em> option is best for stopping broken images and links in syndicated content (such as in RSS feeds), but will likely lead to problems if your site is accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS. Paths output with the <em>Protocol relative URL</em> option will avoid such problems, but feed readers and other software not using up-to-date standards may be confused by the paths. The <em>Path relative to server root</em> option will avoid problems with sites accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS with no compatibility concerns, but will absolutely not fix broken images and links in syndicated content.'),
      '#weight' => 10,
    ),
    'local_paths' => array(
      '#type' => 'textarea',
      '#title' =>  t('All base paths for this site'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['local_paths']) ? $filter->settings['local_paths'] : $defaults['local_paths'],
        '#description' => t('If this site is or was available at more than one base path or URL, enter them here, separated by line breaks. For example, if this site is live at <code>http://example.com/</code> but has a staging version at <code>http://dev.example.org/staging/</code>, you would enter both those URLs here. If confused, please read <a href="!docs">Pathologic&rsquo;s documentation</a> for more information about this option and what it affects.', array('!docs' => 'http://drupal.org/node/257026')),
      '#weight' => 20,
    ),
  );
}

/**
 * Pathologic filter callback.
 *
 * Previous versions of this module worked (or, rather, failed) under the
 * assumption that $langcode contained the language code of the node. Sadly,
 * this isn't the case.
 * @see http://drupal.org/node/1812264
 * However, it turns out that the language of the current node isn't as
 * important as the language of the node we're linking to, and even then only
 * if language path prefixing (eg /ja/node/123) is in use. REMEMBER THIS IN THE
 * FUTURE, ALBRIGHT.
 *
 * The below code uses the @ operator before parse_url() calls because in PHP
 * 5.3.2 and earlier, parse_url() causes a warning of parsing fails. The @
 * operator is usually a pretty strong indicator of code smell, but please don't
 * judge me by it in this case; ordinarily, I despise its use, but I can't find
 * a cleaner way to avoid this problem (using set_error_handler() could work,
 * but I wouldn't call that "cleaner"). Fortunately, Drupal 8 will require at
 * least PHP 5.3.5, so this mess doesn't have to spread into the D8 branch of
 * Pathologic.
 * @see https://drupal.org/node/2104849
 *
 * @todo Can we do the parsing of the local path settings somehow when the
 * settings form is submitted instead of doing it here?
 */
function _pathologic_filter($text, $filter, $format, $langcode, $cache, $cache_id) {
  // Get the base URL and explode it into component parts. We add these parts
  // to the exploded local paths settings later.
  global $base_url;
  $base_url_parts = @parse_url($base_url . '/');
  // Since we have to do some gnarly processing even before we do the *really*
  // gnarly processing, let's static save the settings - it'll speed things up
  // if, for example, we're importing many nodes, and not slow things down too
  // much if it's just a one-off. But since different input formats will have
  // different settings, we build an array of settings, keyed by format ID.
  $cached_settings = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, array());
  if (!isset($cached_settings[$filter->format])) {
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'] = array();
    if ($filter->settings['local_paths'] !== '') {
      // Build an array of the exploded local paths for this format's settings.
      // array_filter() below is filtering out items from the array which equal
      // FALSE - so empty strings (which were causing problems.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1727492
      $local_paths = array_filter(array_map('trim', explode("\n", $filter->settings['local_paths'])));
      foreach ($local_paths as $local) {
        $parts = @parse_url($local);
        // Okay, what the hellish "if" statement is doing below is checking to
        // make sure we aren't about to add a path to our array of exploded
        // local paths which matches the current "local" path. We consider it
        // not a match, if…
        // @todo: This is pretty horrible. Can this be simplified?
        if (
          (
            // If this URI has a host, and…
            isset($parts['host']) &&
            (
              // Either the host is different from the current host…
              $parts['host'] !== $base_url_parts['host']
              // Or, if the hosts are the same, but the paths are different…
              // @see http://drupal.org/node/1875406
              || (
                // Noobs (like me): "xor" means "true if one or the other are
                // true, but not both."
                (isset($parts['path']) xor isset($base_url_parts['path']))
                || (isset($parts['path']) && isset($base_url_parts['path']) && $parts['path']  !== $base_url_parts['path'])
              )
            )
          ) ||
          // Or…
          (
            // The URI doesn't have a host…
            !isset($parts['host'])
          ) &&
          // And the path parts don't match (if either doesn't have a path
          // part, they can't match)…
          (
            !isset($parts['path']) ||
            !isset($base_url_parts['path']) ||
            $parts['path'] !== $base_url_parts['path']
          )
        ) {
          // Add it to the list.
          $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = $parts;
        }
      }
    }
    // Now add local paths based on "this" server URL.
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path']);
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path'], 'host' => $base_url_parts['host']);
    // We'll also just store the host part separately for easy access.
    $filter->settings['base_url_host'] = $base_url_parts['host'];

    $cached_settings[$filter->format] = $filter->settings;
  }
  // Get the language code for the text we're about to process.
  $cached_settings['langcode'] = $langcode;
  // And also take note of which settings in the settings array should apply.
  $cached_settings['current_settings'] = &$cached_settings[$filter->format];

  // Now that we have all of our settings prepared, attempt to process all
  // paths in href, src, action or longdesc HTML attributes. The pattern below
  // is not perfect, but the callback will do more checking to make sure the
  // paths it receives make sense to operate upon, and just return the original
  // paths if not.
  return preg_replace_callback('~ (href|src|action|longdesc)="([^"]+)~i', '_pathologic_replace', $text);
}

/**
 * Process and replace paths. preg_replace_callback() callback.
 */
function _pathologic_replace($matches) {
  // Get the base path.
  global $base_path;

  // Get the settings for the filter. Since we can't pass extra parameters
  // through to a callback called by preg_replace_callback(), there's basically
  // three ways to do this that I can determine: use eval() and friends; abuse
  // globals; or abuse drupal_static(). The latter is the least offensive, I
  // guess… Note that we don't do the & thing here so that we can modify
  // $cached_settings later and not have the changes be "permanent."
  $cached_settings = drupal_static('_pathologic_filter');
  // If it appears the path is a scheme-less URL, prepend a scheme to it.
  // parse_url() cannot properly parse scheme-less URLs. Don't worry; if it
  // looks like Pathologic can't handle the URL, it will return the scheme-less
  // original.
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/1617944
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/2030789
  if (strpos($matches[2], '//') === 0) {
    if (isset($_SERVER['https']) && strtolower($_SERVER['https']) === 'on') {
      $matches[2] = 'https:' . $matches[2];
    }
    else {
      $matches[2] = 'http:' . $matches[2];
    }
  }
  // Now parse the URL after reverting HTML character encoding.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $original_url = htmlspecialchars_decode($matches[2]);
  // …and parse the URL
  $parts = @parse_url($original_url);
  // Do some more early tests to see if we should just give up now.
  if (
    // If parse_url() failed, give up.
    $parts === FALSE
    || (
      // If there's a scheme part and it doesn't look useful, bail out.
      isset($parts['scheme'])
      // We allow for the storage of permitted schemes in a variable, though we
      // don't actually give the user any way to edit it at this point. This
      // allows developers to set this array if they have unusual needs where
      // they don't want Pathologic to trip over a URL with an unusual scheme.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1834308
      // "files" and "internal" are for Path Filter compatibility.
      && !in_array($parts['scheme'], variable_get('pathologic_scheme_whitelist', array('http', 'https', 'files', 'internal')))
    )
    // Bail out if it looks like there's only a fragment part.
    || (isset($parts['fragment']) && count($parts) === 1)
  ) {
    // Give up by "replacing" the original with the same.
    return $matches[0];
  }

  if (isset($parts['path'])) {
    // Undo possible URL encoding in the path.
    // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
    $parts['path'] = rawurldecode($parts['path']);
  }
  else {
    $parts['path'] = '';
  }

  // Check to see if we're dealing with a file.
  // @todo Should we still try to do path correction on these files too?
  if (isset($parts['scheme']) && $parts['scheme'] === 'files') {
    // Path Filter "files:" support. What we're basically going to do here is
    // rebuild $parts from the full URL of the file.
    $new_parts = @parse_url(file_create_url(file_default_scheme() . '://' . $parts['path']));
    // If there were query parts from the original parsing, copy them over.
    if (!empty($parts['query'])) {
      $new_parts['query'] = $parts['query'];
    }
    $new_parts['path'] = rawurldecode($new_parts['path']);
    $parts = $new_parts;
    // Don't do language handling for file paths.
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = TRUE;
  }
  else {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = FALSE;
  }

  // Let's also bail out of this doesn't look like a local path.
  $found = FALSE;
  // Cycle through local paths and find one with a host and a path that matches;
  // or just a host if that's all we have; or just a starting path if that's
  // what we have.
  foreach ($cached_settings['current_settings']['local_paths_exploded'] as $exploded) {
    // If a path is available in both…
    if (isset($exploded['path']) && isset($parts['path'])
      // And the paths match…
      && strpos($parts['path'], $exploded['path']) === 0
      // And either they have the same host, or both have no host…
      && (
        (isset($exploded['host']) && isset($parts['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])
        || (!isset($exploded['host']) && !isset($parts['host']))
      )
    ) {
      // Remove the shared path from the path. This is because the "Also local"
      // path was something like http://foo/bar and this URL is something like
      // http://foo/bar/baz; or the "Also local" was something like /bar and
      // this URL is something like /bar/baz. And we only care about the /baz
      // part.
      $parts['path'] = drupal_substr($parts['path'], drupal_strlen($exploded['path']));
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of the foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Okay, we didn't match on path alone, or host and path together. Can we
    // match on just host? Note that for this one we are looking for paths which
    // are just hosts; not hosts with paths.
    elseif ((isset($parts['host']) && !isset($exploded['path']) && isset($exploded['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])) {
      // No further editing; just continue
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Is this is a root-relative url (no host) that didn't match above?
    // Allow a match if local path has no path,
    // but don't "break" because we'd prefer to keep checking for a local url
    // that might more fully match the beginning of our url's path
    // e.g.: if our url is /foo/bar we'll mark this as a match for
    // http://example.com but want to keep searching and would prefer a match
    // to http://example.com/foo if that's configured as a local path
    elseif (!isset($parts['host']) && (!isset($exploded['path']) || $exploded['path'] === $base_path)) {
      $found = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // If the path is not within the drupal root return original url, unchanged
  if (!$found) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // Okay, format the URL.
  // If there's still a slash lingering at the start of the path, chop it off.
  $parts['path'] = ltrim($parts['path'],'/');

  // Examine the query part of the URL. Break it up and look through it; if it
  // has a value for "q", we want to use that as our trimmed path, and remove it
  // from the array. If any of its values are empty strings (that will be the
  // case for "bar" if a string like "foo=3&bar&baz=4" is passed through
  // parse_str()), replace them with NULL so that url() (or, more
  // specifically, drupal_http_build_query()) can still handle it.
  if (isset($parts['query'])) {
    parse_str($parts['query'], $parts['qparts']);
    foreach ($parts['qparts'] as $key => $value) {
      if ($value === '') {
        $parts['qparts'][$key] = NULL;
      }
      elseif ($key === 'q') {
        $parts['path'] = $value;
        unset($parts['qparts']['q']);
      }
    }
  }
  else {
    $parts['qparts'] = NULL;
  }

  // If we don't have a path yet, bail out.
  if (!isset($parts['path'])) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If we didn't previously identify this as a file, check to see if the file
  // exists now that we have the correct path relative to DRUPAL_ROOT
  if (!$cached_settings['is_file']) {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = !empty($parts['path']) && is_file(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/'. $parts['path']);
  }

  // Okay, deal with language stuff.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file']) {
    // If we're linking to a file, use a fake LANGUAGE_NONE language object.
    // Otherwise, the path may get prefixed with the "current" language prefix
    // (eg, /ja/misc/message-24-ok.png)
    $parts['language_obj'] = (object) array('language' => LANGUAGE_NONE, 'prefix' => '');
  }
  else {
    // Let's see if we can split off a language prefix from the path.
    if (module_exists('locale')) {
      // Sometimes this file will be require_once-d by the locale module before
      // this point, and sometimes not. We require_once it ourselves to be sure.
      require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/language.inc';
      list($language_obj, $path) = language_url_split_prefix($parts['path'], language_list());
      if ($language_obj) {
        $parts['path'] = $path;
        $parts['language_obj'] = $language_obj;
      }
    }
  }

  // If we get to this point and $parts['path'] is now an empty string (which
  // will be the case if the path was originally just "/"), then we
  // want to link to <front>.
  if ($parts['path'] === '') {
    $parts['path'] = '<front>';
  }
  // Build the parameters we will send to url()
  $url_params = array(
    'path' => $parts['path'],
    'options' => array(
      'query' => $parts['qparts'],
      'fragment' => isset($parts['fragment']) ? $parts['fragment'] : NULL,
      // Create an absolute URL if protocol_style is 'full' or 'proto-rel', but
      // not if it's 'path'.
      'absolute' => $cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] !== 'path',
      // If we seem to have found a language for the path, pass it along to
      // url(). Otherwise, ignore the 'language' parameter.
      'language' => isset($parts['language_obj']) ? $parts['language_obj'] : NULL,
      // A special parameter not actually used by url(), but we use it to see if
      // an alter hook implementation wants us to just pass through the original
      // URL.
      'use_original' => FALSE,
    ),
  );

  // Add the original URL to the parts array
  $parts['original'] = $original_url;

  // Now alter!
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1762022
  drupal_alter('pathologic', $url_params, $parts, $cached_settings);

  // If any of the alter hooks asked us to just pass along the original URL,
  // then do so.
  if ($url_params['options']['use_original']) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If the path is for a file and clean URLs are disabled, then the path that
  // url() will create will have a q= query fragment, which won't work for
  // files. To avoid that, we use this trick to temporarily turn clean URLs on.
  // This is horrible, but it seems to be the sanest way to do this.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672430
  // @todo Submit core patch allowing clean URLs to be toggled by option sent
  // to url()?
  if (!empty($cached_settings['is_file'])) {
    $cached_settings['orig_clean_url'] = !empty($GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url']);
    if (!$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
      $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // Now for the url() call. Drumroll, please…
  $url = url($url_params['path'], $url_params['options']);

  // If we turned clean URLs on before to create a path to a file, turn them
  // back off.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file'] && !$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
    $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = FALSE;
  }

  // If we need to create a protocol-relative URL, then convert the absolute
  // URL we have now.
  if ($cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] === 'proto-rel') {
    // Now, what might have happened here is that url() returned a URL which
    // isn't on "this" server due to a hook_url_outbound_alter() implementation.
    // We don't want to convert the URL in that case. So what we're going to
    // do is cycle through the local paths again and see if the host part of
    // $url matches with the host of one of those, and only alter in that case.
    $url_parts = @parse_url($url);
    if (!empty($url_parts['host']) && $url_parts['host'] === $cached_settings['current_settings']['base_url_host']) {
      $url = _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url);
    }
  }

  // Apply HTML character encoding, as is required for HTML attributes.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $url = check_plain($url);
  // $matches[1] will be the tag attribute; src, href, etc.
  return " {$matches[1]}=\"{$url}";
}

/**
 * Convert a full URL with a protocol to a protocol-relative URL.
 *
 * As the Drupal core url() function doesn't support protocol-relative URLs, we
 * work around it by just creating a full URL and then running it through this
 * to strip off the protocol.
 *
 * Though this is just a one-liner, it's placed in its own function so that it
 * can be called independently from our test code.
 */
function _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url) {
  return preg_replace('~^https?://~', '//', $url);
}
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                                      <h1 id="page-title">#for_researcher</h1>
                  
                  
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  <section class="nodes"><article id="node-1379" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/il-vigorimetro-di-martin-rappresenta-il-metodo-pi-affidabile-e-pratico-rispetto-dinamometro-di-jamar" rel="bookmark">Il vigorimetro di Martin rappresenta il metodo più affidabile e pratico rispetto dinamometro di Jamar nella valutazione della forza di presa della mano di pazienti geriatrici</a>
        </h1>
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  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md1"><div class="field-item even"><h3>W.M. Sipers, L.B. Verdijk, S.J. Sipers, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(5):466</span></em></strong></p>
<div>
<p>In questo articolo viene comparata l’applicabilità e l’affidabilità test-retest delle misurazioni di forza di presa della mano in pazienti anziani ospedalizzati utilizzando il dinamometro di Jamar ed il vigorimetro di Martin.</p>
<p>Il vigorimetro di Martin rappresenta lo strumento più pratico ed affidabile rispetto al dinamometro di Jamar per la misurazione della forza di presa della mano nei pazienti geriatrici ammessi nel reparto di geriatria per acuti.</p>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
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  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/il-vigorimetro-di-martin-rappresenta-il-metodo-pi-affidabile-e-pratico-rispetto-dinamometro-di-jamar" rel="tag" title="Il vigorimetro di Martin rappresenta il metodo più affidabile e pratico rispetto dinamometro di Jamar nella valutazione della forza di presa della mano di pazienti geriatrici">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su Il vigorimetro di Martin rappresenta il metodo più affidabile e pratico rispetto dinamometro di Jamar nella valutazione della forza di presa della mano di pazienti geriatrici</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-1372" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/nelle-donne-le-misure-di-massa-muscolare-scheletrica-e-la-miusura-di-potenza-si-associano" rel="bookmark">Nelle donne le misure di massa muscolare scheletrica e la miusura di potenza si associano positivamente allo schema alimentare di tipo Mediterraneo</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md2"><div class="field-item even"><h3>E. Kelaiditi, A. Jennings, C.J. Steves, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(11):3251-3260</span></em></strong></p>
<div>
<p>La perdita di massa muscolare scheletrica, di forza e di funzione, che accompagnano l’invecchiamento sono fattori di rischio che contribuiscono all’insorgenza della sarcopenia, della fragilità, dell’osteoporosi, delle fratture e&nbsp; della mortalità. Per la prima volta in una popolazione nord Europea, si è osservata una associazione significativamente positiva tra il punteggio della dieta Mediterranea e la FFM% &nbsp;(massa magra / peso × 100) ed il potere esplosivo della gamba (LEP, watts/kg) in donne sane, indipendentemente dai fattori che influenzano gli esiti muscolari.</p>
<p>Questi risultati enfatizzano il ruolo potenziale della qualità della dieta, ed in questo caso della dieta Mediterranea, nella prevenzione degli esiti relativi alla muscolatura scheletrica associati all’invecchiamento.</p>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/nelle-donne-le-misure-di-massa-muscolare-scheletrica-e-la-miusura-di-potenza-si-associano" rel="tag" title="Nelle donne le misure di massa muscolare scheletrica e la miusura di potenza si associano positivamente allo schema alimentare di tipo Mediterraneo">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su Nelle donne le misure di massa muscolare scheletrica e la miusura di potenza si associano positivamente allo schema alimentare di tipo Mediterraneo</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-1364" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/l-uso-dell-indice-di-fragilit-nella-valutazione-della-prognosi-negli-anziani-di-pechino-uno-studio" rel="bookmark">L’uso dell’indice di fragilità nella valutazione della prognosi negli anziani di Pechino: Uno studio di coorte con un follow-up di 8 anni</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md3"><div class="field-item even"><h3>L. Ma, L. Zhang, Z. Tang, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016 ;64:172-7</span></em></strong></p>
<div>
<div>
<p>Il presente studio è volto a valutare la prevalenza della fragilità e a determinare se l’indice di fragilità, la valutazione geriatrica multidimensionale si associano alla prognosi nella popolazione anziana cinese.&nbsp;</p>
<p>I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che l’indice di fragilità aumenta con l’età&nbsp; e che potrebbe essere uno strumento utile per la valutazione della prognosi degli anziani in Cina.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/l-uso-dell-indice-di-fragilit-nella-valutazione-della-prognosi-negli-anziani-di-pechino-uno-studio" rel="tag" title="L’uso dell’indice di fragilità nella valutazione della prognosi negli anziani di Pechino: Uno studio di coorte con un follow-up di 8 anni">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su L’uso dell’indice di fragilità nella valutazione della prognosi negli anziani di Pechino: Uno studio di coorte con un follow-up di 8 anni</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-1356" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/negli-anziani-la-sarcopenia-associata-ad-una-minore-capillarizzazione-della-muscolatura-scheletrica" rel="bookmark">Negli anziani la sarcopenia è associata ad una minore capillarizzazione della muscolatura scheletrica e a minore capacità di esercizio</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md4"><div class="field-item even"><h3>S.J. Prior, A.S. Ryan, J.B. Blumenthal, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(8):1096-101</span></em></strong></p>
<div>
<p>In questo studio è stata testata l’ipotesi secondo la quale negli anziani sarcopenici la capillarizzazione muscolare e la capacità dell’esercizio (VO<sub>2max</sub>) sono inferiori rispetto agli anziani non-sarcopenici, e che il grado di sarcopenia dipende dalla ridotta capillarizzazione muscolare.</p>
<div>
<p>I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che la ridotta capillarizzazione muscolare è uno dei fattori che possono contribuire alla sarcopenia, e che essa riduce la capacità d’esercizio negli anziani, limitando la diffusione di substrati, di ossigeno, degli ormoni e dei nutrienti.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/negli-anziani-la-sarcopenia-associata-ad-una-minore-capillarizzazione-della-muscolatura-scheletrica" rel="tag" title="Negli anziani la sarcopenia è associata ad una minore capillarizzazione della muscolatura scheletrica e a minore capacità di esercizio">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su Negli anziani la sarcopenia è associata ad una minore capillarizzazione della muscolatura scheletrica e a minore capacità di esercizio</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-1347" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/la-tomografia-computerizzata-abbrevia-la-valutazione-della-sarcopenia-seguito-di-traumi-la" rel="bookmark">La tomografia computerizzata abbrevia la valutazione della sarcopenia a seguito di traumi: La misurazione CAAST predice la mortalità a 6 mesi negli anziani con traumi</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md5"><div class="field-item even"><h3>C.M. Leeper, E. Lin , M. Hoffman, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80(5):805-11</span></em></strong></p>
<div>
<p>I pazienti anziani con traumi hanno un rischio aumentato di esiti negativi, sia nell’immediato che dopo la dimissione dall’ospedale. E’ difficile identificare precocemente, durante la degenza, chi è a rischio di decesso una volta dimesso. I risultati suggeriscono che la sarcopenia, negli anziani, è un forte predittore di decesso a 6 mesi post dimissione.</p>
<p>La misurazione CAAST è un metodo efficiente ed economico che permette ai medici di identificare gli anziani con traumi a rischio di esiti negativi per interventi precoci e/o servizi di cure palliative.</p>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
</div>
  </div>

      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/la-tomografia-computerizzata-abbrevia-la-valutazione-della-sarcopenia-seguito-di-traumi-la" rel="tag" title="La tomografia computerizzata abbrevia la valutazione della sarcopenia a seguito di traumi: La misurazione CAAST predice la mortalità a 6 mesi negli anziani con traumi">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su La tomografia computerizzata abbrevia la valutazione della sarcopenia a seguito di traumi: La misurazione CAAST predice la mortalità a 6 mesi negli anziani con traumi</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-1334" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/la-polifarmacoterapia-un-fattore-di-rischio-clinicamente-rilevante-lo-sviluppo-della-sarcopenia" rel="bookmark">La polifarmacoterapia è un fattore di rischio clinicamente rilevante per lo sviluppo della sarcopenia: risultati dal Berlin Aging Study II</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md6"><div class="field-item even"><h3>M. König, D. Spira, I. Demuth, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;73(1):117-122</span></em></strong></p>
<div>
<div>
<p>Questo studio ha mostrato la presenza di un’associazione indipendente e clinicamente rilevante tra la polifarmacoterapia e la sarcopenia, sulla base dei cut-off ALM/BMI dello studio FNIH.</p>
</div>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div></div></div><div class="form-item form-type-item">
  <label>Lingua </label>
 Italiano
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/la-polifarmacoterapia-un-fattore-di-rischio-clinicamente-rilevante-lo-sviluppo-della-sarcopenia" rel="tag" title="La polifarmacoterapia è un fattore di rischio clinicamente rilevante per lo sviluppo della sarcopenia: risultati dal Berlin Aging Study II">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su La polifarmacoterapia è un fattore di rischio clinicamente rilevante per lo sviluppo della sarcopenia: risultati dal Berlin Aging Study II</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
  </article>
<article id="node-1327" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/depressione-e-fragilit-nei-pi-anziani-una-revisione-sistematica" rel="bookmark">Depressione e fragilità nei più anziani: una revisione sistematica</a>
        </h1>
          </header>
  
  
  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md7"><div class="field-item even"><h3>L. Vaughan, A.L. Corbin, J.S. Goveas</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:1947-58</span></em></strong></p>
<div>
<p>Nei più anziani, la fragilità e la depressione, rappresentano dei problemi importanti. In questi pazienti, la sindrome depressiva viene difficilmente distinta clinicamente dalla fragilità. Questa revisione esamina la letteratura pubblicata sulle associazioni longitudinali e trasversali tra la fragilità e la sintomatologia depressiva.</p>
<p>La relazione prospettica tra la sintomatologia depressiva e l'aumento del rischio di fragilità incidente era robusta, mentre la relazione opposta era meno concreta. La presenza di comorbidità che interagiscono con la sintomatologia depressiva aumentava il rischio di fragilità.&nbsp;</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/depressione-e-fragilit-nei-pi-anziani-una-revisione-sistematica" rel="tag" title="Depressione e fragilità nei più anziani: una revisione sistematica">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su Depressione e fragilità nei più anziani: una revisione sistematica</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-1318" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/stato-nutrizionale-composizione-corporea-e-qualit-di-vita-negli-anziani-residenti-comunit-con" rel="bookmark">Stato nutrizionale, composizione corporea e qualità di vita negli anziani residenti in comunità con sarcopenia e senza sarcopenia: Uno studio caso-controllo</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md8"><div class="field-item even"><h3>S. Verlaan, T.J. Aspray, J.M. Bauer, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):267-274</span></em></strong></p>
<div>
<p>L’obiettivo di questo studio è quello di comparare lo stato funzionale e nutritivo, la composizione corporea e la qualità di vita negli anziani in relazione all’età, al genere, in soggetti sarcopenici e non.</p>
<p>Negli anziani non malnutriti sarcopenici e non, si è osservato che la sarcopenia influenza la qualità di vita auto-riferita e il livello di attività fisica. Sono state riscontrate differenze nelle concentrazioni dei nutrienti e negli apporti, questo potrebbe essere correlato alle differenze nei 2 gruppi in termini di massa muscolare, forza e funzione.&nbsp;</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/stato-nutrizionale-composizione-corporea-e-qualit-di-vita-negli-anziani-residenti-comunit-con" rel="tag" title="Stato nutrizionale, composizione corporea e qualità di vita negli anziani residenti in comunità con sarcopenia e senza sarcopenia: Uno studio caso-controllo">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su Stato nutrizionale, composizione corporea e qualità di vita negli anziani residenti in comunità con sarcopenia e senza sarcopenia: Uno studio caso-controllo</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-1309" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/it/la-proteina-c-reattiva-la-fragilit-e-l-ospedalizzazione-notturna-negli-anziani-uno-studio-di" rel="bookmark">La proteina C-reattiva, la fragilità e l’ospedalizzazione notturna negli anziani: Uno studio di popolazione</a>
        </h1>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md9"><div class="field-item even"><h3>Y. Zhu, Z. Liu, Y. Wang, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;64:1-5</span></em></strong></p>
<div>
<p>La proteina C-reattiva (PCR) è un importante biomarcatore d’infiammazione che si associa a numerose malattie (ad esempio a quelle cardiovascolari). In questo articolo si studia l’associazione tra la PCR ad alta sensibilità con la fragilità e l’ospedalizzazione notturna nella popolazione anziana cinese.</p>
<p>Gli autori concludono che, negli anziani di Rugao, elevati livelli di PCR ad alta sensibilità si associavano all’aumento del rischio di fragilità e dell’ospedalizzazione notturna.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/la-proteina-c-reattiva-la-fragilit-e-l-ospedalizzazione-notturna-negli-anziani-uno-studio-di" rel="tag" title="La proteina C-reattiva, la fragilità e l’ospedalizzazione notturna negli anziani: Uno studio di popolazione">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su La proteina C-reattiva, la fragilità e l’ospedalizzazione notturna negli anziani: Uno studio di popolazione</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-1305" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-it iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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          <a href="/it/il-livello-sierico-del-frammento-c-terminale-dell-agrina-caf-si-associa-alla-sarcopenia-negli" rel="bookmark">Il livello sierico del frammento C-terminale dell’agrina (CAF) si associa alla sarcopenia negli anziani residenti in comunità che presentano comorbidità: Risultati dallo studio ilSIRENTE </a>
        </h1>
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  <div class="node-content">
    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md10"><div class="field-item even"><h3>F. Landi , R. Calvani, M. Lorenzi, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Exp Gerontol. 2016;79:31-36</span></em></strong></p>
<div>
<p>Il frammento C-terminale dell’agrina (CAF) &nbsp;è un sottoprodotto circolante del disassemblamento della giunzione neuromuscolare. Il presente studio si pone l’obiettivo di verificare se i livelli di CAF si associano alla sarcopenia in una popolazione di anziani e di grandi anziani residenti in comunità.</p>
<p>I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che elevati livelli di CAF si associano alla sarcopenia, indipendentemente dall’età, dal genere e dalle variabili cliniche, funzionali, antropometriche e biochimiche.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/it/il-livello-sierico-del-frammento-c-terminale-dell-agrina-caf-si-associa-alla-sarcopenia-negli" rel="tag" title="Il livello sierico del frammento C-terminale dell’agrina (CAF) si associa alla sarcopenia negli anziani residenti in comunità che presentano comorbidità: Risultati dallo studio ilSIRENTE ">Leggi tutto<span class="element-invisible"> su Il livello sierico del frammento C-terminale dell’agrina (CAF) si associa alla sarcopenia negli anziani residenti in comunità che presentano comorbidità: Risultati dallo studio ilSIRENTE </span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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